The arrangements described in this section are examples of existing arrangements between countries. They should not be taken to represent the options being considered by the Government for the future economic relationship between the UK and the EU. The Government has been clear that it is seeking pragmatic and innovative solutions to issues related to the future deep and special partnership that we want with the EU.

The EU has entered into a number of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Partnership and Cooperation Agreements (PCAs) with third countries, which often
contain specific provisions on references to general cooperation in relation to inland and maritime transport. FTAs provide for the confirmation and codification of law andpractices that provide business with certainty, which in turn promotes investment in the territory of the contracting parties. PCAs include general cooperation on safety,environment and security.

Key agreements between the EU and third parties which cover maritime include:

a. Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (or “CETA”)50, which is the trade agreement between the EU and Canada. Chapter 1451 covers International Maritime Services, establishing the framework for regulating the maritime transport market between the EU and Canada. It includes measures to ensure equal access to ports and to promote fair competition in the provision of commercial services offered by ships;
b. EU-China Maritime Transport Agreement.52 This agreement entered into force in 2008 and is aimed at improving the conditions under which maritime cargo transport operations are carried out to and from China. It contains provisions promoting the freedom to provide maritime transport services, free access to cargoes and cross trades, and unrestricted access to (and non-discriminatory treatment in) the use of ports and auxiliary services; and
c. EU-US Agreement on Mutual Recognition of Certificates of Conformity for Marine Equipment.53 This agreement is designed to facilitate EU-US trade in marine equipment by giving EU manufacturers the possibility of approving their products for the US market with a Conformity Body located in the EU in accordance with the M.E.D. Likewise, the agreement also enables US manufacurers to approve their products for the EU market with a Conformity Body located in the US, in accordance with relevant US laws and regulations.