Existing frameworks for how trade is facilitated between countries in this sector

The arrangements described in this section are examples of existing arrangements between countries. They should not be taken to represent the options being considered by the Government for the future economic relationship between the UK and the EU. The Government has been clear that it is seeking pragmatic and innovative solutions to issues related to the future deep and special partnership that the UK wants with the EuropeanUnion.

While rail is not traditionally a sector covered by Free Trade Agreements there are a number of international frameworks that govern and promote travel by rail. These international frameworks have sought to facilitate international passenger and freight movements by rail through increasing interoperability and harmonising standards. The key international frameworks for the rail sector are:
– The Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF). This is a convention agreed by all EU Member States plus a number of other European,
North African, and Middle Eastern states. The convention includes requirements on rail passengers’ rights, regulations covering dangerous goods, and the uniform set of rules for international rail journeys, including conditions of carriage and compensation in the event of loss or damage. COTIF does not impose technical standards but provides a mechanism to inform members of requirements for vehicles to run in each country; and
– International Union of Railways (UIC). UIC is a global railway body (Network Rail is a member). It engages in International Organization for standardization (ISO)processes, and is a platform for some research activity.

The EU regulatory regime applies to the Channel Tunnel, and there are a number of specific rules governing the Channel Tunnel. These are set out in the Treaty of Canterbury (between the UK and France) and a number of protocols (including the Sangatte Protocol),binational safety regulations made by the Intergovernmental Commission (IGC), and security directions made by the UK and French governments.

Switzerland and the EU Member States have concluded a deal for rail. In 1999 a land transport agreement was reached providing for goods and passenger transport and transit by road and rail, which allows for liberalised access between EU Member States and Switzerland.