UK Government Report
The current EU regulatory regime
PBS sectors are generally regulated at domestic level, rather than at EU level. The EU Single Market therefore generally serves to remove barriers to trade in services that could otherwise be introduced by domestic rules, including discriminatory prohibitions, disproportionate regulation, and barriers to the free movement of persons providing and receiving services. The Single Market measures also include a framework for the mutual recognition of professional qualifications . In addition, PBS businesses are impacted by a wide range of other EU rules, including those that affect their client businesses – such as the Single Market in goods, and Financial Services regulation – and those that affect their ability to employ EU nationals in the UK.
The EU Treaty sets out the core principles of the Single Market in services. Under the EU’s Single Market24 service providers enjoy free movement of services on a temporary basis (including free movement of the service provider) and freedom of establishment (the right to be self-employed, or to set up a business, or a subsidiary or branch, in another Member State). These principles are developed further in EU legislation, including the Services Directive and the Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications Directive. Sector-specific provisions exist for lawyers and for auditors.
The main sector-specific rules
The two main pieces of EU legislation which support the Single Market in services are the Services Directive 2006/123/EC and the Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications Directive 2005/36/EC. These are summarised as follows:
Services Directive 2006/123/EC
The Services Directive aims to remove discriminatory, unjustified or disproportionate requirements affecting the set up or carrying out of a PBS activity (among otherservice sectors) in another EEA State. It also sets up national Points of Single Contact which enable service providers to apply and pay for authorisations (to offer or provide services) online. The removal of these barriers makes it easier and cheaper for companies to trade cross-border within the EEA, and increases competition and productivity in European service markets.
Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications Directive 2005/36/EC
The Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications Directive (Directive 2005/36/EC, as amended by Directive 2013/55/EU) supports the principle of freemovement of skilled professionals by enabling a professional qualification granted to an EU citizen in one Member State to be recognised in another Member State for the purpose of allowing the holder to practice a regulated profession. EU citizens may also rely on the Directive to have qualifications obtained in a third country and recognised in a Member State to be taken into account by regulators in another Member State.
The Directive covers both the temporary provision of services in another Member State, and establishment by a professional wishing to practise their profession in another Member State. The Directive is supplemented by other profession-specific Directives, for example auditors (covered by Directive 2006/43/EC).
For these professions there are two systems by which a professional can have their qualifications recognised – the automatic and the general system. Under the automatic system, a professional in one of seven professions that are included who possesses particular qualifications, their qualifications may be automatically recognised across all Member States (these qualifications are listed in Annex V of the Directive). The general system is for other professionals within the scope of the Directive.
The host Member State must consider an applicant’s professional qualifications. If applicant’s qualifications are equivalent to those required to practice the profession in the host State, the applicant must be granted access to the profession. If there are substantial differences between the applicant’s qualifications and those required to practise the profession in the host Member State, applicants may be required to take an aptitude test or undertake an adaption period to demonstrate they have the necessary knowledge and skills to practice the profession.
The Directive also introduces the concept of a European Professional Card, which currently applies to five professions (real estate agents, nurses responsible for general care, pharmacists, physiotherapists, and mountain guides), with the potential to be expanded to other sectors, providing an electronic certificate showing the professional has met the necessary conditions to provide services or become established in another Member State.
33. Since 1997, over 26,000 UK qualifications have been recognised on a permanent basis in other EU countries. Over the same period, over 120,000 qualifications from other EU countries have been recognised on a permanent basis in the UK.
EU legislation which is specific to sub-sectors of PBS
Audit Directive (2006/43/EC) (amended by Directive 2014/56/EU) and Regulation (537/2014)
The UK’s audit regulatory framework has developed out of a series of Directives to harmonise the regulation of professional auditors and audit firms and to impose a considerable body of EU regulation: on auditor appointment; on the maintenance of relations between the auditor and the client’s senior management; on the application of technical standards on audit work; on comparable codes to maintain auditor independence; and on the regulation of auditors through inspections, investigation and enforcement.
The audit framework provides for some free movement of EU auditors with provision for aptitude tests or adaptation periods by Member State authorities to enable mutual recognition of qualifications. The Audit Directive also makes some provision for the audit of non-EU businesses that are listed on UK capital markets. This framework has developed over time with the objective of protecting investors. The EU framework now recognises that a different approach is needed in respect of UK and other EU firms auditing overseas.
Cross-border supply of audit services is quite rare because of the significant economic regulatory concerns and the resulting controls in most countries, which restrict supply. In most large economies, auditors are established and regulated within their client’s jurisdiction, though the Directive now facilitates cross border supply of audit services by firms, subject to certain regulatory preconditions. In addition to mutual recognition of qualifications for those permitted to sign audit reports, ownership and management of an audit firm are also subject to requirements that the majority of owners and managers must hold mutually recognised qualifications or, for firms, registrations. Within the confines of this framework, mutual recognition allows audit firms to develop ownership structures across borders.
The framework also prescribes how national audit regulators (competent authorities) should cooperate internationally, both within and outside the EU, and sets out how auditors of businesses listed on the main capital markets should be regulated if the business is established overseas (this framework primarily affects UK auditors of non-EU businesses listed on UK markets).
The structure of the UK accountancy sector means that many aspects of this framework indirectly affect almost all services offered by almost all accountancy firms. This is partly because of necessary regulation as to which other services a business may procure from its auditor, and how it can then ensure the auditor’s continued independence. In addition in the UK, the regulatory oversight of audit firms is the starting point for the UK’s non-statutory regulatory framework for wider accountancy services.
Accounting Directive (2013/34/EU as amended by 2014/95/EU), Non-Financial Reporting Directive (2014/95/EU), and International Accounting Standards Regulation (1606/2002) This framework sets out the accounting and reporting requirements that most businesses have to meet and which form the basis for audit by accountants and auditors. The framework is comparable to others internationally, particularly in the way that it is implemented in the UK. It mandates the use of international accounting standards as adopted by the Commission for accounts of listed groups. It also provides underpinning requirements for the accounts and reports of all other companies that are then prepared in accordance with national accounting standards and guidance. In the UK these standards are increasingly aligned with international norms beyond the EU.
The audit and accounting framework primarily relates to the preparation and audit of accounts within the EU. The accounting framework, together with the disclosure and transparency frameworks, enable companies to raise capital in EU markets by providing information on the company’s financial performance and position to investors on a standardised basis. UK accounting and legal firms offer advisory and assurance services to companies to assist in this capital raising. Certain European Commission level decisions mean that third country issuers are able to list their securities on an EU market so long as their accounts and reports are produced in compliance with the international accounting standars or those of third countries,e.g. the US, that are deemed equivalent by the Commission.
Lawyers Establishment Directive (98/5/EC) and Lawyers Services Directive (77/249/EEC)set out specific procedures for cross-border provision of legal services and establishment of lawyers.
The Lawyers Services Directive governs the provision of services by an EU lawyer in a Member State other than the one in which they gained their title. It is intended to facilitate provision of legal services on a “fly-in-fly-out” basis, but it does not deal with establishment in another EU Member State. The Directive provides that a lawyer offering services in another Member State may do so under their home title.
They can provide the same services as a legal professional in the host State, without complying with any residency or regulation requirements that would apply to lawyers qualified in the host State or to be introduced in accordance with local law to the presiding judge or President of the relevant host state Bar. However, they may be required to work in conjunction with a lawyer from the host State when representing clients in legal proceedings. The rules of professional conduct of the home stateapply without prejudice against the rules of the host state, notably confidentiality, advertising, conflicts of interest, relations with other lawyers and activities incompatible with the profession of law.
The Lawyers Establishment Directive requires each Member State to provide for lawyers qualified in other Member States to be able to practise on a permanent basis, whether on a self-employed or salaried basis. The framework requires regulators within each Member State to establish a framework for registration of EU lawyers, who are then able to practise under the title under which they qualified. This includes legal services in the host Member State’s law, as well as EU law and their home Member State’s law, subject to the host Member State’s regulatory arrangements.
After three years of regular and effective practise of the host state law, the individual can then apply to practise under the host Member State’s professional title, without having to comply with other conditions, such as compensatory measures under the MRPQ Directive, or, if they have practised for less than 3 years, they may still apply to be exempted, or they can seek recognition under the MRPQ Directive and complete any compensatory measures required. For the UK, this Directive enables UK lawyers to practise across the EU under their UK professional title and, after three years of effective and regular practice in the law of the host state, to practise under the professional title of the Member State they are practising in (on a permanent basis). It also allows UK law firms to operate in other
Member States, providing domestic as well as EU and home state law, jointly with domestic lawyers in that State.
d) EC Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings (2000/1346/EC), in the process of being replaced by the EU Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings (recast) (2015/848/EU) and the Recast Judgments Regulation (Brussels 1) (2012/1215/EU) in respect of schemes of arrangement. There are also EU rules dealing with jurisdiction, applicable law and recogniti n of insolvency proceedings in cross-border insolvencies.
Other EU legislation which affects PBS
Other EU legislation matters to PBS because it applies directly to their business practices, especially for lawyers, auditors, and accountants. For example, lawyers have to apply the law, not just abide by it. Auditors have to apply audit rules in auditing other businesses. Management consultants work with a wide range of regulation to generate solutions for clients, including compliance advice. Architectsand engineers work within the sectoral rules in construction and engineering.
Other EU legislation which affects particular PBS subsectors includes:
Employment services firms must operate within the framework of the Agency Workers Directive (2008/104/EC), which covers the rights of temporaryworkers; Intellectual property professionals work within the framework of the EU packages governing trademarks and designs (Regulation 2015/2424/EU andDirective 2008/95/EC recently recast by 2015/2436/EU on trademarks;Regulation 6/2002/EC and Directive 98/71/EC on designs).
IP professionals are also affected by EU Directives regarding copyright and related rights;Advertisers and marketers have to comply with the Misleading and Comparative Advertising Directive (2006/114/EC), which sets minimum standards for B2B advertising practice and the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (2005/29/EC), which curbs provisions of untruthful information to consumers and aggressive marketing practices;
Architects are affected by Construction Products Regulations, which aims to ensure the reliability of information on the performance of constructionproducts, information through harmonized European product standards and European Technical Assessments using a common technical language and The Alternative Dispute Resolution Directive (2013/11/EU) is relevant for resolving consumer disputes with lawyers in relation to the service they have provided/contract disputes. These and other requirements have been made through domestic legislation, including the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990;
There is a significant body of EU law relating to civil judicial cooperation which is relevant to those providing legal services, the key measures in the commercial field being the recast Brussels 1 Regulation (on jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of civil and commercial judgments), the Rome I and II Regulations (on applicable law) and the Lugano Convention (which extends broadly similar rules to the pre-recast Brussels 1 on jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments to 3 EFTA states).
There are also EU rules dealing with jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments in family law. These cover matrimonial matters and parental responsibility (the Brussels IIa Regulation) and maintenance (the Maintenance Regulation).
International rules and standards
There are international accounting and auditing standards, which are not mandated internationally and instead must be adopted for use under the legal frameworks of individual countries. International Accounting Standards are more mature in their development and adoption than international auditing tandards. They have been adopted for use in the EU and are mandated in the EU for the accounts of groups listed on an EU regulated market. New international accounting standards or any changes to existing standards must be tested via a formal EU endorsement process before they can be adopted for use in the EU.
Devolved areas of responsibility
General policy on most PBS is devolved in Scotland and Northern Ireland, and will be soon in Wales. Legal Services are devolved to Scotland and Northern Ireland but not to Wales. Architecture and auditing are exceptions – there are standards which apply across the UK’s nations in these areas and registration requirements are also applied across the UK. Although audit and accounting regulation is devolved in Northern Ireland, the legislative framework applies UK wide. Regulation of insolvency practitioners is devolved to Northern Ireland but reserved for Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales).